EarthStation1 MediaOutlet News: Today's 15% Off Specials & #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Titles At EarthStation1.com!

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Temple In Jerusalem & The Ark Of The Covenant MP4 Download DVD
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 2025: Hanukkah: -- The Temple In Jerusalem, (The Holy Temple; Hebrew: Bet haMiqdas, Tiberian: Bet hamMiqdas; Arabic: Bayt al-Maqdis): The Second Temple (Hebrew: Bet hamMiqdas hasSeni, "The Second House Of The Sanctum", Herod's Temple): The Restoration Of The Second Temple (Hanukkah): -- Hanukkah begins, the Jewish festival commemorating the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem at the time of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire. In 2024-2025, Hanukkah begins at sundown December 25, 2024, and continues until sundown January 2, 2025. Hanukkah, also romanized as Chanukah or Hanukah, is also known as the Festival of Lights. Hanukkah is observed for eight nights and days, starting on the 25th day of the month of Kislev on the Hebrew calendar, which may occur at any time from late November to late December in the Gregorian calendar used in most of the world. The festival is observed by lighting the candles of a candelabrum with nine branches, called a menorah (or hanukkiah). One branch is typically placed above or below the others and its candle is used to light the other eight candles. This unique candle is called the shamash. Each night, one additional candle is lit by the shamash until all eight candles are lit together on the final night of the festival. Other Hanukkah festivities include playing the game of dreidel and eating oil-based foods, such as latkes and sufganiyot, and dairy foods. Since the 1970s, the worldwide Chabad Hasidic movement has initiated public menorah lightings in open public places in many countries. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/teinjearkofc.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: A 78 RPM Christmas Song MP3 MegaSet CD, Audio Download, USB Stick
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14: Roast Chestnuts Day: -- 'Tis the season to be jolly, and Roast Chestnuts Day comes at a perfect time for the holiday season! Roasted chestnuts often fill the air with their earthy scent as they're cooked by street vendors during December. Not only this, but the delicious snack keeps the cold away for those in the northern hemisphere. While the day is a relatively new celebration, the tradition of roasting chestnuts has been around for a long time. When they are roasted, the natural sweetness of the nut is revealed, delighting our taste buds! We have a lot of cultures in history to thank for learning how to roast chestnuts, bringing us the Roast Chestnuts Day we have today! Chestnuts hail from a tree indigenous to the Americas and Asia. There is a multitude of species that mankind has been harvesting for centuries. The Native Americans had been consuming them long before the first European settlers arrived. The Europeans, in turn, were introduced to the chestnut from Sardis. Sardis was an ancient capital, which is now part of eastern Turkey. It was an important city of the Persian Empire until it fell to Alexander the Great in 334 B.C. Alexander the Great, one of the world's greatest military generals, together with the Romans, planted chestnuts throughout Europe. The trees were spread throughout the mountainous Mediterranean regions where certain grains could not grow well. Chestnuts became a staple food source for locals and a valuable item in bartering. The ancient Greeks ground them into flour and made chestnut bread. Some species of chestnut trees were grown for their wood as well. The United States produces only 1% of the world's chestnut production. China is the world's leader, even though most American chestnuts are imported from Italy. American chestnuts were decimated by a deadly blight, which ravaged the trees during the early 1900s. Approximately four billion chestnut trees succumbed and their recovery has been mediocre. Chestnuts have a soily, mildewy taste. Although they can be eaten hot off the coals, they are better eaten with herbs in stuffing or other dishes. Soon after roasting, the nuts can become so hard they could break a tooth if bitten down on too forcefully. However, it's still possible to chop them. Some larger grocery stores and most Italian markets leave the chestnuts in their shells and others sell unshelled chestnuts in a can, which are much softer. Roasting them became a popular treat, as heard in one of Nat King Cole's songs in which he warmly crooned, "Chestnuts roasting on an open fire." The first appearance of roasted chestnuts is a mystery, though they were thought to signify chastity for Christians. Some believe they had already made an appearance during the 16th century as a street snack in Rome. Now, roasted chestnuts continue to remind many of the holiday season, winter, and Christmas. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/a-78-rpm-christmas-mp3783.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Legacy With Michael Wood World History TV Series DVD, MP4, USB Stick
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14: Martyred Intellectuals Day: -- December 14, 1971: The Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: The Cold War In Asia: Indo-Pakistani Wars And conflicts: The Bangladesh Liberation War: -- Some 200 - 1,000+ East Pakistan's intellectuals are executed by the Pakistan Army and their local allies. The date is commemorated in Bangladesh as Martyred Intellectuals Day. Just when victory was on the horizon, Pakistan abducted and brutally killed some of the best minds in Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan). The aim was to annihilate the entire intellectual class of Bangladesh. Martyred Intellectuals Day ensures that the world never forgets the efforts and bravery of these exceptional individuals. The story behind one of the darkest days in Bangladesh's history begins soon after India's Independence from Britain in 1947. The British left behind a broken nation, both literally and figuratively. It was a time of great sorrow as the subcontinent split into two nations: India and Pakistan. The reasons for the division were purely religious. All Muslim-majority regions became Pakistan. As India started building the foundations for a secular republic, Pakistan faced an impossible dilemma. Over 1,000 miles across lay East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh). Dominated by Bengalis, East Pakistan was culturally, socially, and linguistically distinct in every conceivable way. Being Muslim seemed their only common thread, albeit extremely thin. Tensions rose between the two territories as West Pakistan sought absolute control. West Pakistan refused to accept "Bengali" as a state language. It was the beginning of sustained insults and slights towards Bengalis and their culture. The economic disparity between the two regions also became difficult to ignore. Things came to a head in March 1971 during elections in East Pakistan. The Awami League Party based in East Pakistan won the elections. Yet, the Pakistan People's Party (West Pakistan based) refused to hand over the reins. Violence ensued. The West Pakistan army went on the offensive. And thus, began the Bangladesh Liberation War, sparked by a rousing call for Bengali self-determination. Sensing defeat, the West Pakistan forces dealt a final, crippling blow to East Pakistan. On December 14, 1971, the army abducted scores of East Pakistani intellectuals from their homes. They tortured and killed over 1000 people - namely, teachers, doctors, engineers, journalists, lawyers, and scientists. In a cruel twist, Pakistani forces surrendered just two days later, and an independent Bangladesh formed. Martyred Intellectuals Day honors the memory of these outstanding individuals who lost their lives for the idea of Bangladesh. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/legacy-with-michael-wood-world-history-tv-series-dvd-mp4-us4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Man Who Saw Tomorrow: Nostradamus w/ Orson Welles DVD, MP4, USB
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1503: #BOTD: #HBD! Nostradamus, Latinized from Michel de Nostredame, French physician, qabalist, occultist, astrologer, magician, hermetic, prophet, divinator, seer and reputed member of The Priory Of Sion (PS), best known for his book Les Propheties, a collection of 942 poetic quatrains predicting future events first published in 1555 and rarely out of print since his death (d. July 1 or July 2, 1566) is #born (depending on the source, December 14 or 21, 1503) in St. Remy, Provence, France as Michel de Notredame. The family of Nostradamus was originally Jewish, but had converted to Catholicism before he was born. He studied at the University of Avignon, but was forced to leave after just over a year when the university closed due to an outbreak of the plague. He worked as an apothecary for several years before entering the University of Montpellier, hoping to earn a doctorate, but was almost immediately expelled after his work as an apothecary (a manual trade forbidden by university statutes) was discovered. He first married in 1531, but his wife and two children were killed in 1534 during another plague outbreak. He fought alongside doctors against the plague before remarrying to Anne Ponsarde, who bore him six children. He wrote an almanac for 1550 and, as a result of its success, continued writing them for future years as he began working as an astrologer for various wealthy patrons. Catherine de' Medici became one of his foremost supporters. His Les Propheties, published in 1555, relied heavily on historical and literary precedent and initially received mixed reception. Michel de Nostredame died when his chronic gout turned into edema in Salon-de-Provence, Provence, Kingdom of France, aged 62. In late June he had summoned his lawyer to draw up an extensive will bequeathing his property plus 3,444 crowns (around 300K USD in 2023), minus a few debts, to his wife pending her remarriage, in trust for her sons pending their twenty-fifth birthdays and her daughters pending their marriages. This was followed by a much shorter codicil. On the evening of July 1, he is alleged to have told his secretary Jean de Chavigny, "You will not find me alive at sunrise." The next morning he was reportedly found dead, lying on the floor next to his bed and a bench. He was buried in the local Franciscan chapel in Salon (part of it now incorporated into the restaurant La Brocherie), but he was re-interred during the French Revolution in the Collegiale Saint-Laurent, where his tomb remains to this day. Many popular authors have retold apocryphal legends about his life. Orson Welles hosted a documentary film on his life named "The Man Who Saw Tomorrow". On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/the-man-who-saw-tomorrow-dvd-nostradamus-orson-welles.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Story Of Civilization: Will & Ariel Durant DVD, MP3 Download, USB
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1546: #BOTD: #HBD! Tycho Brahe ("TEE-KO brah"), Danish astronomer, astrologer and alchemist, known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical observations (d. October 24, 1601) is #born Tyge Ottesen Brahe in Scania, which became part of Sweden in the next century, Tycho was well known in his lifetime as an astronomer and alchemist. He has been described by religious philosopher Edwin Arthur Burtt as "the first competent mind in modern astronomy to feel ardently the passion for exact empirical facts". His observations are generally considered to be the most accurate of his time. An heir to several of Denmark's principal noble families, Tycho received a comprehensive education. He took an interest in astronomy and in the creation of more accurate instruments of measurement. As an astronomer, Tycho worked to combine what he saw as the geometrical benefits of Copernican heliocentrism with the philosophical benefits of the Ptolemaic system into his own model of the universe, the Tychonic system. His system saw the Sun as orbiting Earth, and the planets as orbiting the Sun, and is mathematically equivalent to the Copernican system. Furthermore, he was the last of the major astronomers to work without telescopes. In his De nova stella (On the New Star) of 1573, he refuted the Aristotelian belief in an unchanging celestial realm. His precise measurements indicated that "new stars" (stellae novae, now called supernovae), in particular that of 1572 (SN 1572), lacked the parallax expected in sublunar phenomena and were therefore not tail-less comets in the atmosphere, as previously believed, but were above the atmosphere and beyond the Moon. Using similar measurements, he showed that comets were also not atmospheric phenomena, as previously thought, and must pass through the supposedly immutable celestial spheres. King Frederick II granted Tycho an estate on the island of Hven and the money to build Uraniborg, an early research institute, where he built large astronomical instruments and took many careful measurements. He later worked underground at Stjerneborg, where he discovered that his instruments in Uraniborg were not sufficiently steady. On the island (whose other residents he treated as if he were an autocrat) he founded manufactories, such as a paper mill, to provide material for printing his results. After disagreements with the new Danish king, Christian IV, in 1597, Tycho went into exile. He was invited by the Bohemian king and Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II to Prague, where he became the official imperial astronomer. He built an observatory at Benatky nad Jizerou. There, from 1600 until his death in 1601, he was assisted by Johannes Kepler, who later used Tycho's astronomical data to develop his three laws of planetary motion. Tycho's body has been exhumed twice, in 1901 and 2010, to examine the circumstances of his death and to identify the material from which his artificial nose was made. The conclusion was that his death was probably caused by uremia - not by poisoning, as had been suggested - and that his artificial nose was more likely made of brass rather than silver or gold, as some had believed in his time. Tycho Brahe died under mysterious circumstances after suddenly contracting a bladder or kidney ailment after attending a banquet in Prague, dying eleven days later at the age of 54. Tycho is buried in the Church of Our Lady before Tyn, in Old Town Square near the Prague Astronomical Clock. According to Kepler's first-hand account, Tycho had refused to leave the banquet to relieve himself because it would have been a breach of etiquette. After he returned home, he was no longer able to urinate, except eventually in very small quantities and with excruciating pain. The night before he died, he suffered from a delirium during which he was frequently heard to exclaim that he hoped he would not seem to have lived in vain. Before dying, he urged Kepler to finish the Rudolphine Tables and expressed the hope that he would do so by adopting Tycho's own planetary system, rather than that of Copernicus. It was reported that Tycho had written his own epitaph, "He lived like a sage and died like a fool." A contemporary physician attributed his death to a kidney stone, but no kidney stones were found during an autopsy performed after his body was exhumed in 1901, and modern medical assessment is that his death was more likely caused by either a burst bladder, prostatic hypertrophy, acute prostatitis, or prostate cancer, which lead to urinary retention, overflow incontinence, and uremia. Investigations in the 1990s suggested that Tycho may not have died from urinary problems, but instead from mercury poisoning. It was speculated that he had been intentionally poisoned. The two main suspects were his assistant, Johannes Kepler, whose motives would be to gain access to Tycho's laboratory and chemicals, and his cousin, Erik Brahe, at the order of friend-turned-enemy Christian IV, because of rumors that Tycho had had an affair with Christian's mother. In February 2010, the Prague city authorities approved a request by Danish scientists to exhume the remains, and in November 2010 a group of Czech and Danish scientists from Aarhus University collected bone, hair and clothing samples for analysis. The scientists, led by Dr Jens Vellev, analyzed Tycho's beard hair once again. The team reported in November 2012 that not only was there not enough mercury present to substantiate murder, but that there were no lethal levels of any poisons present. The team's conclusion was that "it is impossible that Tycho Brahe could have been murdered". The findings were confirmed by scientists from the University of Rostock, who examined a sample of Tycho's beard hairs that had been taken in 1901. Although traces of mercury were found, these were present only in the outer scales. Therefore, mercury poisoning as the cause of death was ruled out, while the study suggests that the accumulation of mercury may have come from the "precipitation of mercury dust from the air during [Tycho's] long-term alchemistic activities". The hair samples contain 20-100 times the natural concentration of gold until 2 months before his death. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/story-of-civilization-will-amp-ariel-durant-mp3-dvd-11-audiobo311.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Napoleon Bonaparte Documentaries Collection MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1812: The Age Of Enlightenment (The Enlightenment, The Age Of Reason): The Age Of Revolution: The Atlantic Revolutions: The French Revolution: The French Revolutionary And Napoleonic Wars (The Great French War) (The French Revolutionary Wars, The Napoleonic Wars): The Napoleonic Wars: The French Invasion Of Russia (The Russian Campaign, The Patriotic War Of 1812) -- The French Invasion Of Russia, known in Russia as The Patriotic War Of 1812, which had begun with a string of French victories on June 24 six months prior led by Napoleon Bonaparte, comes to an inglorious end as the tattered remnants of the French Grande Armee retreats from Russia with 27,000 of their original 680,000 number, starved and suffering from the Russian Winter and by wounds inflicted by the Imperial Russian Army led by Prince Mikhail Kutuzov. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's famous 1812 Overture instrumental commemorates this victory. A mere six months prior, June 24, 1812, Napoleon's Grande Armee crossed the Neman river in an attempt to engage and defeat the Russian army, beginning the historic French Invasion Of Russia. Known in Russia as the Patriotic War Of 1812 and in France as the Russian Campaign, it was a campaign by which Napoleon hoped to compel Tsar Alexander I of Russia to cease trading with British merchants through proxies in an effort to pressure the United Kingdom to sue for peace. The official political aim of the campaign was to liberate Poland from the threat of Russia. Napoleon named the campaign the Second Polish War to gain favor with the Poles and provide a political pretext for his actions. The Grande Armee was a very large force, numbering 680,000 soldiers (including 300,000 of French departments). It was the largest army ever assembled in the history of warfare up to that point. Through a series of long marches Napoleon pushed the army rapidly through Western Russia in an attempt to bring the Russian army to battle, winning a number of minor engagements and a major battle at Smolensk in August. Napoleon hoped the battle would win the war for him, but the Russian army slipped away and continued the retreat, leaving Smolensk to burn. French plans to quarter at Smolensk were abandoned, and Napoleon pressed his army on after the Russians. As the Russian army fell back, the Cossacks applied scorched-earth tactics, burning down villages, towns and crops and forcing the French to rely on a supply system that was incapable of feeding the large army in the field. The Russian army retreated into Russia for almost three months. In response to the loss of territory, the commander of the Russian army, Field Marshal Barclay, was replaced by Prince Mikhail Kutuzov on 29 August. On 7 September, the French caught up with the Russian army which had dug itself in on hillsides before a small town called Borodino, seventy miles west of Moscow. The battle that followed was the bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars, with 72,000 casualties, and a narrow French victory. The Russian army withdrew the following day, leaving the French without the decisive victory Napoleon sought. A week later, Napoleon entered Moscow, which the Russians had abandoned and burned. The loss of Moscow did not compel Alexander I to sue for peace, and both sides were aware that Napoleon's position grew worse with each passing day. Napoleon stayed on in Moscow for a month, waiting for a peace offer that never came. On 19 October, Napoleon moved his army out southwest toward Kaluga, where Kutuzov was encamped with the Russian army. After an inconclusive battle at Maloyaroslavets, Napoleon continued the retreat. In the weeks that followed the Grande Armee starved and suffered from the onset of the Russian Winter. Lack of food and fodder for the horses, hypothermia from the bitter cold and persistent attacks upon isolated troops from Russian peasants and Cossacks led to great losses in men, and a general loss of discipline and cohesion in the army. More fighting at Vyazma and Krasnoi resulted in further losses for the French. When the remnants of Napoleon's main army crossed the Berezina River in late November, only 27,000 effective soldiers remained; the Grande Armee had lost some 380,000 men dead and 100,000 captured. Following the crossing of the Berezina, Napoleon left the army after much urging from his advisors and with the unanimous approval of his Marshals. He returned to Paris by carriage and sledge to protect his position as Emperor and to raise more forces to resist the advancing Russians. The campaign effectively ended on 14 December 1812, not quite six months from its outset, with the last French troops leaving Russian soil. The campaign was a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars. It was the greatest and bloodiest of the Napoleonic campaigns, involving more than 1.5 million soldiers, with over 500,000 French and 400,000 Russian casualties. The reputation of Napoleon was severely shaken, and French hegemony in Europe was dramatically weakened. The Grande Armee, made up of French and allied invasion forces, was reduced to a fraction of its initial strength. These events triggered a major shift in European politics. France's ally Prussia, soon followed by Austria, broke their imposed alliance with France and switched sides. This triggered the War Of The Sixth Coalition, sometimes known in Germany as the War of Liberation, a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, Spain and a number of German states finally defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/napoleon-bonaparte-documentaries-collection-mp4-video-download-dv4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Disraeli: Portrait Of A Romantic TV Miniseries DVD Download USB Drive
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1861: #DOTD: #RIP: Prince Albert Of Saxe-Coburg And Gotha, husband and consort of Queen Victoria, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom (b. August 26, 1819) #dies at 10:50 p.m. in the Blue Room at Windsor Castle, England, in the presence of the Queen and five of their nine children, at the relatively young age of 42. The contemporary diagnosis was typhoid fever, but modern writers have pointed out that Albert's ongoing stomach pain, leaving him ill for at least two years before his death, may indicate that a chronic disease, such as Crohn's disease, kidney failure, or abdominal cancer, was the cause of death. Albert's body was temporarily entombed in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. A year after his death his remains were deposited at the Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore, which remained incomplete until 1871. The sarcophagus, in which both he and the Queen were eventually laid, was carved from the largest block of granite that had ever been quarried in Britain. The Queen's grief was overwhelming, and the tepid feelings the public had previously for Albert were replaced by sympathy. The widowed Victoria never recovered from Albert's death; she entered into a deep state of mourning and wore black for the rest of her life. Albert's rooms in all his houses were kept as they had been, even with hot water brought in the morning and linen and towels changed daily. Such practices were not uncommon in the houses of the very rich. Victoria withdrew from public life and her seclusion eroded some of Albert's work in attempting to re-model the monarchy as a national institution setting a moral, if not political, example. Despite Albert's request that no effigies of him should be raised, many public monuments were erected all over the country and across the British Empire. The most notable are the Royal Albert Hall and the Albert Memorial in London. The plethora of memorials erected to Albert became so great that Charles Dickens told a friend that he sought an "inaccessible cave" to escape from them. Places and objects named after Albert range from Lake Albert in Africa to the city of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, to the Albert Medal presented by the Royal Society of Arts. Four regiments of the British Army were named after him: 11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars; Prince Albert's Light Infantry; Prince Albert's Own Leicestershire Regiment of Yeomanry Cavalry; and The Prince Consort's Own Rifle Brigade. He and Queen Victoria showed a keen interest in the establishment and development of Aldershot in Hampshire as a garrison town in the 1850s. They had a wooden Royal Pavilion built there in which they would often stay when attending military reviews. Albert established and endowed the Prince Consort's Library at Aldershot, which still exists today. In 1851, botanist John Lindley named a tree from Patagonia, Saxegothaea after one of the Prince's titles, with the Prince's permission. Upon Victoria's death in 1901, their eldest son succeeded as Edward VII, the first British monarch of the House Of Saxe-Coburg And Gotha, named after the ducal house to which Albert belonged. Prince Albert Of Saxe-Coburg And Gotha was born Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel in the Saxon duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, to a family connected to many of Europe's ruling monarchs. At the age of 20, he married his first cousin, Queen Victoria; they had nine children. Initially he felt constrained by his role of consort, which did not afford him power or responsibilities. He gradually developed a reputation for supporting public causes, such as educational reform and the abolition of slavery worldwide, and was entrusted with running the Queen's household, office and estates. He was heavily involved with the organisation of the Great Exhibition of 1851, which was a resounding success. Victoria came to depend more and more on his support and guidance. He aided the development of Britain's constitutional monarchy by persuading his wife to be less partisan in her dealings with Parliament-although he actively disagreed with the interventionist foreign policy pursued during Lord Palmerston's tenure as Foreign Secretary. In 1857, Albert was given the formal title of Prince Consort. Albert is credited with introducing the principle that the British royal family should remain above politics and with aiding the development of Britain's constitutional monarchy by persuading his wife to be less partisan in her dealings with Parliament -- although he actively disagreed with the interventionist foreign policy pursued during Lord Palmerston's tenure as Foreign Secretary. Before his marriage to Victoria, she supported the Whigs; for example, early in her reign Victoria managed to thwart the formation of a Tory government by Sir Robert Peel by refusing to accept substitutions which Peel wanted to make among her ladies-in-waiting. Upon her death, their eldest son succeeded as Edward VII, the first British monarch of the House Of Saxe-Coburg And Gotha, named after the ducal house to which Albert belonged. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/disraeli-portait-of-a-romantic-tv-series-dvd-set-4-disc4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Old Time Radio History MP3 MegaSet DVD, Audio Download, USB Drive
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1895: #BOTD: #HBD! George VI, King Of The United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from December 11. 1936 until his death, concurrently the last Emperor Of India until August 1947, when the British Raj was dissolved, known as "Bertie" among his family and close friends (d. February 6, 1952) is #born Albert Frederick Arthur George at York Cottage, Sandringham, Norfolk, England during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria, and was named after his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort. As the second son of King George V, he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother, Edward. He attended naval college as a teenager and served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during the First World War. In 1920, he was made Duke of York. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923, and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret. In the mid-1920s, he had speech therapy for a stammer, which he learned to manage to some degree. George's elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII after their father died in 1936. Later that year, Edward abdicated to marry the American socialite Wallis Simpson, and George became the third monarch of the House Of Windsor. In September 1939, the British Empire and Commonwealth - except Ireland - declared war on Nazi Germany. War with the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire Of Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively. George was seen as sharing the hardships of the common people and his popularity soared. Buckingham Palace was bombed during the Blitz while the King and Queen were there, and his younger brother, the Duke of Kent, was killed on active service. George became known as a symbol of British determination to win the war. Britain and its allies were victorious in 1945, but the British Empire declined. Ireland had largely broken away, followed by independence of India and Pakistan in 1947. George relinquished the title of Emperor Of India in June 1948 and instead adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by smoking-related health problems in the later years of his reign and died of coronary thrombosis in 1952. He was succeeded by his daughter, Elizabeth II. George VI was found dead at 07:30 GMT in bed at Sandringham House in Norfolk, a house the same grounds where he had been born; he had died in the night from a coronary thrombosis (a blood clot inside a blood vessel of the heart) at the age of 56. He is buried in King George VI Memorial Chapel, a part of St. George's Chapel in Windsor Castle, Windsor, England. Upon the discovery of the death of her father, King George VI, Elizabeth II becomes queen regnant of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms at the age of 25. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/the-old-time-radio-history-megaset-dual-layer-mp3-dv3.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Doolittle Raid Documentaries Collection DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1896: #BOTD: #HBD! Jimmy Doolittle, American military general and aviation pioneer who received the Medal Of Honor for his daring raid on Japan during World War II (d. September 27, 1993) is #born James Harold Doolittle in Alameda, California. A famed air racer who won numerous awards and trophies, Doolittle's most important contribution to aeronautical technology was the development of instrument flying. Doolittle helped influence Shell Oil Company to produce the first quantities of 100 octane aviation gasoline. High octane fuel was crucial to the high-performance planes that were developed in the late 1930s, to the benefit of the air racing circuit but critically during World War II where it provided superior performance. A Reserve officer in the United States Army Air Corps, Doolittle was recalled to active duty during World War II. He was awarded the Medal Of Honor for personal valor and leadership as commander of the Doolittle Raid, a bold long-range retaliatory air raid by a squadron of B-25 bombers launched from the aircraft carrier Hornet against the Japanese main islands, on 18 April 1942, four months after the Attack on Pearl Harbor. He was eventually promoted to lieutenant general and commanded the Twelfth Air Force over North Africa, the Fifteenth Air Force over the Mediterranean, and the Eighth Air Force over Europe. Jimmy Doolittle died from a stroke at the age of 96 in Pebble Beach, California, and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia, near Washington, D.C., next to his wife. In his honor at the funeral, there was also a flyover of Miss Mitchell, a lone B-25 Mitchell, and USAF Eighth Air Force bombers from Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. After a brief graveside service, fellow Doolittle Raider Bill Bower began the final tribute on the bugle. When emotion took over, Doolittle's great-grandson, Paul Dean Crane, Jr., played Taps. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/the-doolittle-raid-dvd-1942-tokyo-raid-us-air-bombing-mis1942.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Morey Amsterdam Show Early TV Series DVD, MP4 Download, USB Drive
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1908: #BOTD: #HBD! Morey Amsterdam, American actor, singer, comedian, cellist, songwriter and screenwriter, best known for the role of Buddy Sorrell on CBS' The Dick Van Dyke Show from 1961 to 1966 (d. October 28, 1996) is #born in Chicago, Illinois to Jewish immigrants from Austria-Hungary. He began working in vaudeville in 1922 as the straight man for his older brother's jokes. By 1924, he was working in a speakeasy operated by Al Capone. After being caught in the middle of a gunfight, Amsterdam moved to California and worked writing jokes, which earned him the nickname The Human Joke Machine. He sometimes performed with a mock machine on his chest, hanging by a strap. He turned a hand crank and paper rolled out; he would then pretend to read the machine's joke, although actually the paper was blank. Amsterdam's most famous achievement as a songwriter was as the credited lyricist on the 1945 Andrews Sisters hit "Rum and Coca-Cola". However, the original version of the song was written and performed by a Trinidadian calypso singer named Lord Invader. Lord Invader was given a substantial royalty payment for having written the original lyric to the piece, while Amsterdam retained the credit (and the publishing rights) for his revised version of the lyric. In the early 1940s, he was a screenwriter, contributing dialogue for two East Side Kids films. He is listed as screenwriter for the 1943 film The Ghost and the Guest and 1944's Bowery Champs. By 1947, he was performing on three daily radio shows. Beginning in 1948, he appeared on the radio show Stop Me If You've Heard This One. The Morey Amsterdam Show aired on CBS radio from July 10, 1948, to February 15, 1949. For three months, it was on both radio and television with different scripts for the same premise and cast. He also did a radio show called the Laugh and Swing Club, broadcasting from the Filmart Theater on Vine Street in Hollywood, in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The Morey Amsterdam Show ran on CBS TV from December 1948 to March 1949 and on DuMont from April 1949 to October 1950. Among Morey's regular guests was song-and-dance man Art Carney. The cigarette girl was future author of Valley of the Dolls, Jacqueline Susann, wife of the producer of the show, Irving Mansfield. Jazz musician Johnny Guarneri led the band. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/the-morey-amsterdam-show-dual-layer-dvd-old-time-tv.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Aviation History Films Collection DVD MP4 Video Download
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1911: Polar Exploration: South Pole Exploration: Amundsen's South Pole Expedition: -- Roald Amundsen's team, comprising himself, Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, and Oscar Wisting, becomes the first ever expedition to reach the geographic Southern Pole. They arrived at the pole five weeks ahead of a British party led by Robert Falcon Scott as part of the Terra Nova Expedition. Amundsen and his team returned safely to their base, and later heard that Scott and his four companions had died on their return journey. Amundsen's initial plans had focused on the Arctic and the conquest of the North Pole by means of an extended drift in an icebound ship. He obtained the use of Fridtjof Nansen's polar exploration ship Fram, and undertook extensive fundraising. Preparations for this expedition were disrupted when, in 1909, the rival American explorers Frederick Cook and Robert Peary each claimed to have reached the North Pole. Amundsen then changed his plan and began to prepare for a conquest of the South Pole; uncertain of the extent to which the public and his backers would support him, he kept this revised objective secret. When he set out in June_1910, he led even his crew to believe they were embarking on an Arctic drift, and revealed their true Antarctic destination only when Fram was leaving their last port of call, Madeira. Amundsen made his Antarctic base, which he named "Framheim", in the Bay of Whales on the Great Ice Barrier. After months of preparation, depot-laying and a false start that ended in near-disaster, he and his party set out for the pole in October 1911. In the course of their journey they discovered the Axel Heiberg Glacier, which provided their route to the polar plateau and ultimately to the South Pole. The party's mastery of the use of skis and their expertise with sled dogs ensured rapid and relatively trouble-free travel. Other achievements of the expedition included the first exploration of King Edward VII Land and an extensive oceanographic cruise. The expedition's success was widely applauded, though the story of Scott's heroic failure overshadowed its achievement in the United Kingdom. Amundsen's decision to keep his true plans secret until the last moment was criticised by some. Recent polar historians have more fully recognised the skill and courage of Amundsen's party; the permanent scientific base at the pole bears his name, together with that of Scott. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/aviation-history-films-2-dual-layer-dvd-se2.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Spike Jones Nutcracker Suite Complete 3 Record Set MP3 CD Download
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1911: #BOTD: #HBD! Spike Jones, American musician, singer, actor and bandleader (d. May 1, 1965) is #born Lindley Armstrong Jones in Long Beach, California. Spike Jones specialized in satirical arrangements of popular songs and classical music. Ballads receiving the Jones treatment were punctuated with gunshots, whistles, cowbells and outlandish and comedic vocals. From the early 1940s to the mid-1950s, Jones and his band recorded under the title Spike Jones and his City Slickers and toured the United States and Canada as The Musical Depreciation Revue. Spike Jones died at the age of 53 in Beverly Hills, California because he was a heavy smoker until the day he died despite having terminal emphysema. Jones was a lifelong smoker, reportedly 4-5 packs a day, and he eventually developed breathing problems. Never the picture of health, his emphysema advanced to the point where he used an oxygen tank both on and offstage and he was confined to a seat behind his drum set while performing. He is interred in Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City, California. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/spike-jones-nutcracker-suite-all-3-45-rpm-records-mp3453.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Women's Rights Women's Suffrage The Women's Movement MP4 Download DVD
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1918: The United Kingdom: The History Of The United Kingdom: Governments Of The United Kingdom: Elections And Referendums In The United Kingdom: The 1918 United Kingdom General Election: Feminism: Women's Suffrage: Women's Suffrage In The United Kingdom: -- British women voted for the first time in a general election and were allowed for the first time to run for office. The 1918 United Kingdom general election was called immediately after the Armistice with Germany which ended the First World War, and was held on Saturday. It was the first general election to be held after enactment of the Representation of the People Act 1918, making it the first election in which women over the age of 30, and all men over the age of 21, could vote. Previously, all women and many poor men had been excluded from voting. It was also the first parliamentary election in which women were able to stand as candidates following the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918; accordingly, Countess Constance Markievicz became first woman elected to the House Of Commons, but because she was an Irish nationalist, she did not take her seat at Westminster. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/women39s-suffrage-amp-the-women39s-movement-dvd-mp4-usb-39394.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Between The Wars TV Documentary Series DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1939: The European Civil War: World War II: The Second European War (The European Theater Of World War II): The Winter War (The Russo-Finnish War): -- The League Of Nations expels the Soviet Union for what the league deems is its illegal invasion of Finland. On November 26, 1939, the Soviet Army orchestrated an incident which was used to justify the start of the Winter War with Finland four days later, an incident known as the Shelling of Mainila, where the Soviet Union's Red Army shelled the Russian village of Mainila, declared that the fire originated from Finland across the nearby border and claimed to have had losses in personnel. Through that false flag operation, the Soviet Union gained a great propaganda boost and a casus belli for launching the Winter War four days later, when on November 30, 1939 twenty Russian divisions of Soviet forces crossed the Finnish border in several places and bombed Helsinki and several other Finnish cities. The Winter War began three months after the outbreak of World War II, and it ended with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty on March 13, 1940. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/between-the-wars-dvd-set-all-16-tv-shows-4-discs164.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Beginning or the End (1947) Manhattan Project DVD, Download, USB
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1940: The European Civil War: World War II: The Second European War (The European Theater Of World War II): Nuclear Weapons Programs Of The United States: The Manhattan Project (Codename: Development Of Substitute Materials): Chemical Elements: Plutonium (Pu, Pu-238): -- Plutonium (specifically Pu-238) is first synthesized and isolated at the University of California, Berkeley. The Manhattan Project that developed the first atomic bombs during World War II began shortly after the discovery. Producing plutonium in useful quantities for the first time was a major part of the Manhattan Project. The Fat Man bombs used in the Trinity nuclear test in July 1945, and in the bombing of Nagasaki in August 1945, had plutonium cores. Since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, element 94 was named after Pluto, which at the time was considered to be a planet as well. Wartime secrecy prevented the University of California team from publishing its discovery until 1948. Plutonium is the element with the highest atomic number to occur in nature. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/the-beginning-or-the-end-dvd-1947-atomic-bomb-manhattan-pro1947.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Hoover Vs The Kennedys The Second Civil War TV Series MP4 Download DVD
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1961: Civil Rights Movements: The American Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968): Anti-Black Racism In The United States: Discrimination: The Sit-In Movement (The Sit-In Campaign, The Student Sit-In Movement): -- The Baton Rouge, Louisiana police arrest 23 members of The Congress Of Racial Equality ("CORE") on the charge of illegal picketing. In response, B. Elton Cox, a leading member of CORE, and others plan to march the following day, December 15, through parts of Baton Rouge and ending with a demonstration at the courthouse which resulted in the Baton Rouge police using tear gas to break up the demonstrations of 1,500 black protestors in the main business district of the city. Fifty blacks were arrested on disorderly conduct charges. The protests were against the arrest the day prior of twenty-three blacks for having participated in the picketing of downtown stores and for having staged sit-ins at lunch counters, demonstrations all organized by The Congress Of Racial Equality (CORE). The demonstrations of the 15th were mostly by students from Southern University, America's largest all-black institution of higher learning. Among those jailed was Ronnie Moore, a Southern University student and chairman of the CORE unit that conducted the picketing. CORE Field Secretary Rev. B. E. Cox of High Point, N. C. led the demonstrations. During the melee, several stores closed their lunch counters and one or two stores refused to permit Negroes on the premises. Several hours later, Rev. Cox was arrested on a bench warrant signed by District Judge Fred S. LeBlanc, charging him with conspiracy and the blocking of a public passage. Tear gas was used to break up five demonstrations in the city during the day and finally caused the crowds to disperse. But the peace was uneasy, and reports were that other demonstrations were slated soon. The first barrage of tear gas was laid down at the parish (county) Courthouse against students who in many cases traveled on foot from the university campus six miles away. The crowd scattered and then reformed a couple of blocks away around the old state Capitol Building. The police officers warned the crowd to disperse, and when it continued marching, they let loose a few more tear gas bombs. The protestors regrouped twice more on the Tnird Street Mall, the city's main shopping area, and once more on a street leading to the state Capitol, where another demonstration was planned. Each time the police issued a warning, they set off tear gas. Despite the fact the tear gas is a chemical weapon that causes severe eye and respiratory pain, skin irritation, bleeding, and blindness, officially no injuries were reported. City officials used the Police Department's two dogs against the mob, but supposedly did not unleash them. The police patrolled the business area late in the day, although most of the students had departed. That night, the city of Baton Rouge obtained temporary restraining orders in Federal and state courts to prohibit CORE from engaging in further picketing. Federal Court Judge E. Gordon West, named to the bench a month prior, signed the Federal court order, and three District Court judges signed the state court order. Both orders prohibited sponsoring, financing or encouraging unlawful picketing in Baton Rouge by CORE, engaging in any congregating or marching in the streets of Baton Rouge, encouraging or partici-pating in any boycott or re-straint of trade, or doing any other act deemed designed to provoke a "breach of the peace". CORE Field Secretary Rev. B. E. Cox was charged with four offenses under Louisiana law: criminal conspiracy, disturbing the peace, obstructing public passages, and picketing before a courthouse. He was acquitted of criminal conspiracy but convicted of the other three offenses. In accordance with Louisiana procedure, the Louisiana Supreme Court reviewed his "disturbing the peace" and "obstructing public passages" convictions on certiorari, and the "courthouse picketing" conviction on appeal, and the court affirmed all three convictions. Cox appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court on the ground that all three statutes were unconstitutionally vague. This case (No. 24) addresses the "disturbing the peace" and "obstructing public passages" statutes, while the second case (No. 49) addresses the "courthouse picketing" statute. Cox appealed to the United States Supreme Court (SCOTUS). At question was: 1) Does Cox's conviction based on violation of the Louisiana statute prohibiting "disturbing the peace" violate his rights to free speech and assembly under the First and Fourteenth Amendments?; and 2) Does Cox's conviction based on violation of the Louisiana statute prohibiting "obstructing public passages" violate his rights to free speech and assembly under the First and Fourteenth Amendments?. The case was argued on October 21, 1964, and on January 18, 1965, the court decided "Yes: on both counts, ruling Louisiana's "disturbing the peace" statute is unconstitutional on its face because it is vague in its overly broad scope, and the policy of Baton Rouge law enforcement of giving officers complete discretion in enforcing the "obstructing public passages" statute deprives Cox of his constitutional rights to freedom of speech and assembly. In a decision authored by Justice Arthur J. Goldberg, the Court was unanimous in finding the "disturbing the peace" statute unconstitutionally vague, and a majority of the Court (7-2) found that Cox's conviction for "obstructing public passages" violated his First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Justices Hugo L. Black and Tom C. Clark each filed concurring opinions as to the "disturbing the peace" statute. Justices Black and Clark also concurred as to the "obstructing public passages" conviction, with Justice Byron R. White, joined by Justice John M. Harlan, dissenting as to that issue. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/hoover-vs-the-kennedys-the-second-civil-war-tv-series-mp4-download-dv4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Outer Space Mission MP3 MegaSet DVD, Audio Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1962: The History Of Rocketry: The History Of Spaceflight: The Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: The Space Age: The Space Race: The Discovery And Exploration Of The Solar System: Space Probes: Interplanetary Space Probes: The Mariner Program: Mariner 2 (Mariner-Venus 1962): -- NASA's Mariner 2 space probe to Venus becomes the first robotic space probe to conduct a successful planetary encounter when it sends back information from the planet Venus during its planetary flyby, the first information ever received from another planet. Mariner 2 (Mariner-Venus 1962), an American space probe to Venus, was the first robotic space probe to conduct a successful planetary encounter. The first successful spacecraft in the NASA Mariner program, it was a simplified version of the Block I spacecraft of the Ranger program and an exact copy of Mariner 1. The missions of the Mariner 1 and 2 spacecraft are sometimes known as the Mariner R missions. Original plans called for the probes to be launched on the Atlas-Centaur, but serious developmental problems with that vehicle forced a switch to the much smaller Agena B second stage. As such, the design of the Mariner R vehicles was greatly simplified. Far less instrumentation was carried than on the Soviet Venera probes of this period-for example, forgoing a TV camera-as the Atlas-Agena B had only half as much lift capacity as the Soviet 8K78 booster. The Mariner 2 spacecraft was launched from Cape Canaveral on August 27, 1962, and passed as close as 34,773 kilometers (21,607 mi) to Venus on December 14, 1962. The Mariner probe consisted of a 100 cm (39.4 in) diameter hexagonal bus, to which solar panels, instrument booms, and antennas were attached. The scientific instruments on board the Mariner spacecraft were: two radiometers (one each for the microwave and infrared portions of the spectrum), a micrometeorite sensor, a solar plasma sensor, a charged particle sensor, and a magnetometer. These instruments were designed to measure the temperature distribution on the surface of Venus and to make basic measurements of Venus' atmosphere. The primary mission was to receive communications from the spacecraft in the vicinity of Venus and to perform radiometric temperature measurements of the planet. A second objective was to measure the interplanetary magnetic field and charged particle environment. En route to Venus, Mariner 2 measured the solar wind, a constant stream of charged particles flowing outwards from the Sun, confirming the measurements by Luna 1 in 1959. It also measured interplanetary dust, which turned out to be scarcer than predicted. In addition, Mariner 2 detected high-energy charged particles coming from the Sun, including several brief solar flares, as well as cosmic rays from outside the Solar System. As it flew by Venus on December 14, 1962, Mariner 2 scanned the planet with its pair of radiometers, revealing that Venus has cool clouds and an extremely hot surface. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/outer-space-mission-mp3-dvd-megaset-4-dis34.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: KTLA: The First 35 Years: Los Angeles TV Station Channel 5 DVD MP4 USB
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1963: Dam Disasters: The Baldwin Hills Dam Disaster: -- The dam containing the Baldwin Hills Reservoir in the Baldwin Hills neighborhood of South Los Angeles suffers a catastrophic failure and floods the residential neighborhoods surrounding it. It began with signs of lining failure, followed by increasingly serious leakage through the dam at its east abutment. After three hours, the dam breached and "it took only 77 minutes for all the water to pour out into Cloverdale Avenue, La Brea Avenue, La Cienega and Jefferson Boulevard." The collapse resulted in a release of 290_million US gallons (1,100,000_m3), causing five deaths and the destruction of 277 homes. Damage totaled 12M USD and the disaster caused a water shortage for 500,000 people. Some 16,000 people lived in the flooded area. Vigorous rescue efforts averted a greater loss of life. The reservoir was constructed on a low hilltop between 1947 and 1951 by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, directly on an active fault line, which was subsidiary to the well-known nearby Newport-Inglewood Fault. The underlying geologic strata were considered unstable for a reservoir, and the design called for a compacted soil lining meant to prevent seepage into the foundation. The fault lines were considered during planning, but were deemed by some, although not all, of the engineers and geologists involved as not significant. The former reservoir is now part of the Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area. A plaque was placed at the site on the 50th anniversary of the disaster in 2013. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/ktla-the-first-35-years-tv-channel-5-la-355.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Black Civil Rights Films: African-American History DVD, MP4, USB Stick
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1964: Civil Rights Movements: The American Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968): Anti-Black Racism In The United States: Public Accommodations Discrimination In The United States: Desegregation In The United States: Heart Of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States: -- The Supreme Court issues its landmark decision on the use of the Constitution's Commerce Clause to fight discrimination. The Supreme Court ruled in the case Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964) that Congress can force private businesses to abide by Title II of the Civil Rights Act Of 1964, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, religion, or national origin in public accommodations. This important case represented an immediate challenge to the Civil Rights Act Of 1964, the landmark piece of civil rights legislation which represented the first comprehensive act by Congress on civil rights and race relations since the Civil Rights Act Of 1875. For the past 100 years preceding 1964, African Americans in the United States had been dominated by racial segregation, a system of racial separation which, while in name providing for "separate but equal" treatment of both white and African Americans, in deed provided inferior accommodation, services, and treatment for African Americans. The Heart of Atlanta Motel was a large, 216-room motel that opened on September 5, 1956 in Atlanta, Georgia. In direct violation of the terms of the Civil Rights Act Of 1964, which banned racial discrimination in public places, largely based on Congress's control of interstate commerce, the motel refused to rent rooms to African American patrons. The owner, Moreton Rolleston, filed suit in federal court, arguing that the requirements of the Act exceeded the authority the Commerce Clause granted to Congress over interstate commerce. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/black-civil-rights-films-africanamerican-history-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Outer Space Films 5: Apollo Moon Exploration Films DVD, Download, USB
Today, December 14, 2025

December 14, 1972: Moonwalks: The History Of Rocketry: The History Of Spaceflight: The Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: The Space Age: The Space Race: Space Programs Of The United States: Human Spaceflight Programs: The Discovery And Exploration Of The Solar System: Missions To The Moon: Project Apollo: Apollo 17: -- Eugene Cernan is the last acknowledged person to walk on the moon, after he and Harrison Schmitt complete the third and final extravehicular activity (EVA) of the Apollo 17 mission. Launched at 12:33 a.m. EST on December 7, 1972, with a crew made up of Commander Eugene Cernan, Command Module Pilot Ronald Evans, and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt, it was the last use of Apollo hardware for its original purpose; after Apollo 17, extra Apollo spacecraft were used in the Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz programs. Apollo 17 was the first night launch of a U.S. human spaceflight and the final manned launch of a Saturn V rocket. It included three days on the lunar surface, extended scientific capability, and the third Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV). While Evans remained in lunar orbit in the Command/Service Module (CSM), Cernan and Schmitt spent just over three days on the moon in the Taurus-Littrow valley and completed three moonwalks, taking lunar samples and deploying scientific instruments. Evans took scientific measurements and photographs from orbit using a Scientific Instruments Module mounted in the Service Module. The landing site was chosen with the primary objectives of Apollo 17 in mind: to sample lunar highland material older than the impact that formed Mare Imbrium, and investigate the possibility of relatively new volcanic activity in the same area. Cernan, Evans and Schmitt returned to Earth on December 19 after a 12-day mission. Apollo 17 is the most recent manned Moon landing and was the last time humans travelled beyond low Earth orbit. It was also the first mission to have no one on board who had been a test pilot; X-15 test pilot Joe Engle lost the lunar module pilot assignment to Schmitt, a scientist. The mission broke several records: the longest moon landing, longest total extravehicular activities (moonwalks), largest lunar sample, and longest time in lunar orbit. To date they are the last humans to set foot on the Moon. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/outer-space-films-5-apollo-moon-exploration-dv5.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Manners And Etiquette Social Guidance Films DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14: More Good Today Day: -- A special holiday that aims to encourage more people to practice kindness and generosity. It reminds people to take the time to think about the people around them and help in any way they can. This day reminds people to focus on the positive things in the world. This holiday is the perfect opportunity to make a difference in someone's life. A small act of kindness can go a long way in making people's lives happier. More Good Today Day takes place in the U.S. every year on December 14. The holiday aims to help society by encouraging kindness and generosity. Doing good can refer to any gestures of kindness. It can be holding a door for someone, getting someone a cup of coffee, or just sharing a smile and being polite. Doing good can be a small act or a grand gesture. Either way, those actions have a positive impact on society. Certain rules of conduct govern correct behavior among members of a particular social group. Every culture tends to write its version of the rules of behavior. These can be laws or traditions. Good manners have been in demand for many years around the world. Codes of dress, behavior, and etiquette usually distinguish social classes in a community. Good manners can be the codes of conduct that helps to preserve friendships and other relationships with people. The unspoken rules help to create a sense of peace and security. A person's social skills, good manners, and etiquette intelligence allow them to succeed. Adopting etiquette was a self-conscious process during the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century. People made an effort to acquire the conventions of politeness. They also adopted normative behaviors that symbolically identified the person as a cultured upper-class member. https://store.earthstation1.com/manners-and-etiquette-films-2-dvd-se2.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Great Moments From NOVA DVD 1990 Best-Of Collection DVD, Download, USB
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14: Monkey Day: -- An annual celebration of the unique characteristics of simians! The day also focuses on other non-human primates such as apes, tarsiers, and lemurs._Monkeys, also known as simians, live all over the world. More than 260 species of monkeys populate Africa, Central America, South America, and Asia. They range in size from mere ounces like the pygmy marmoset to the mandrill at a heavier 80 pounds. Monkeys tend to walk on all four limbs. As a member of the primate family, they are considered a lesser ape. Most monkeys have a tail, though not all do. Monkeys are divided into two categories - Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Their personalities and habits capture the attention of humans on many levels. These intelligent mammals with opposable thumbs live in family groups, too. However, many species of monkeys are endangered. Some endangered species from around the world include: Indri - Found in Madagascar, this lemur faces hunting due to hunting and deforestation; Roloway monkey - A bearded monkey found in Cote D'Ivoire and Ghana lives in tropical forests. They're hunted for their meat; Western chimpanzee - Another monkey threatened by hunting, it has a larger territory. They live in the rainforests and savannahs of western Africa; and the Ecuadorian White-Fronted Capuchin - Locals hunt them because the White-fronted Capuchins threaten local crops. The Capuchins range through Ecuador and Peru. To observe Monkey day: Discover more about these fascinating primates. Learn about monkeys who live through all kinds of weather in Nature's Snow Monkeys. Disney's documentary Monkey Kingdom about the monkeys of South Asia follows a family and shows us the social hierarchy that exists among the community. And post about your monkey shines using #MonkeyDay on social media! https://store.earthstation1.com/great-moments-from-nova-dvd-1990-tv-series-be1990.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The Trial Of George Washington TV Dramatization DVD, MP4, USB Stick
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 1799: #DOTD: #RIP: George Washington, American founding father, general, politician and statesman who led Patriot forces to victory in the nation's War for Independence, first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 (b. February 22, 1732) #dies in his bedchamber at his home in Mount Vernon, New York, aged 67; his will stipulated that his slaves shall be freed upon the death of his wife, Martha. His will also outlined his desire to be buried at home at Mount Vernon. Washington additionally made provisions for a new brick tomb to be constructed after his death, which would replace the original yet quickly deteriorating family burial vault. In 1831, Washington's body was transferred to the new tomb, along with the remains of Martha Washington and other family members. George Washington was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 which established the U.S. Constitution and a federal government. Washington has been called the "Father of His Country" for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the new nation. Washington received his initial military training and command with the Virginia Regiment during the French And Indian War. He was later elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses and was named a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he was appointed Commanding General of the Continental Army. He commanded American forces, allied with France, in the defeat and surrender of the British during the Siege Of Yorktown, and resigned his commission in 1783 after the signing of the Treaty Of Paris. Washington played a key role in the adoption and ratification of the Constitution and was then elected president by the Electoral College in the first two elections. He implemented a strong, well-financed national government while remaining impartial in a fierce rivalry between cabinet members Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. During the French Revolution, he proclaimed a policy of neutrality while sanctioning the Jay Treaty. He set enduring precedents for the office of president, including the title "President of the United States", and his Farewell Address is widely regarded as a pre-eminent statement on republicanism. Washington owned slaves for labor and trading, and supported measures passed by Congress protecting slavery, in order to preserve national unity. He later became troubled with the institution of slavery and freed his slaves in a 1799 will. He endeavored to assimilate Native Americans into Western culture, but responded to their hostility in times of war. He was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons, and he urged broad religious freedom in his roles as general and president. Upon his death, he was eulogized as "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." He has been memorialized by monuments, art, geographical locations, stamps, and currency, and many scholars and polls rank him among the greatest American presidents. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-trial-of-george-washington-dvd-tv-dramatization.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: In The Shadow Of Andrei Sakharov DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 1989: #DOTD: #RIP: Andrei Sakharov, Russian physicist, dissident, academic, activist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. May 21, 1921) #dies in his study while taking a nap before preparing an important speech he was to deliver the next day in the Soviet Congress. His wife went to wake him at 23:00 as he had requested but she found Sakharov dead on the floor. According to the notes of Yakov Rapoport, a senior pathologist present at the autopsy, it is most likely that Sakharov died of an arrhythmia consequent to dilated cardiomyopathy at the age of 68. He is interred in the Vostryakovskoye Cemetery in Moscow. Andrei Sakharov was born Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov in Moscow, Russian SFSR. He became a leading world figure for disarmament, peace and human rights. As head of the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons development program, he became renowned as the designer of the Soviet Union's RDS-37, a codename for Soviet development of thermonuclear weapons. His advocacy of civil liberties and civil reforms, which earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975, put him at odds with the Soviet state, resulting in his persecution and internal exile, which only ended when Premier Gorbachev summoned him back to Moscow. He was elected to the Congress Of People's Deputies, and died on the eve of his delivering to the congress a speech with his proposal for a Soviet Bill Of Rights. The Sakharov Prize, which is awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms, is named in his honor. He is considered to be an archetype of the best traditions of the Russian intellectual. https://store.earthstation1.com/in-the-shadow-of-andrei-sakharov-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Field Marshal William Slim Documentaries DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 1970: #DOTD: #RIP: William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim, English field marshal and politician, 13th Governor-General of Australia (b. August 6, 1891) #dies in London, England, aged 79. He was given a full military funeral at St. George's Chapel in Windsor Castle and was afterwards cremated. He ashes are interred at Saint Paul's Cathedral in London, England. William Slim was born William Joseph Slim at 72 Belmont Road, St Andrews, Bristol, England. Slim saw active service in both the First and Second world wars and was wounded in action three times. During the Second World War he led the 14th Army, the so-called "forgotten army" in the Burma campaign. After the war he became the first British officer who had served in the Indian Army to be appointed Chief of the Imperial General Staff. From 1953 to 1959 he was Governor-General of Australia and is regarded by many Australians as an authentic war hero who had fought with the Anzacs at Gallipoli. In the early 1930s, Slim also wrote novels, short stories, and other publications under the pen name Anthony Mills. https://store.earthstation1.com/slim-dvd-field-marshal-william-bill-dual-layer-wwii.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The Kellogg Brothers Corn Flake Kings Biography MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 1943: #DOTD: John Harvey Kellogg, American surgeon, businessman, inventor, physician, mystic and racist, dry breakfast cereals pioneer, largely responsible for the creation of the flaked-cereal industry and co-inventor of corn flakes in particular (b. February 26, 1852() #dies in Battle Creek, Michigan of unspecified causes, aged 91. He is buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Battle Creek. In his will, Kellogg left his entire estate to The Race Betterment Foundation, his racist eugenics and racial hygiene organization he founded in 1914 in Battle Creek, Michigan due to his concerns about what he called "race degeneracy". John Harvey Kellogg was born John Harvey Kellogg in Tyrone, Michigan. Kellogg was an advocate of theological modernism and the Progressive Movement. He was the director of the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Battle Creek, Michigan, founded by members of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church. It combined aspects of a European spa, a hydrotherapy institution, a hospital and high-class hotel. Kellogg treated the rich and famous, as well as the poor who could not afford other hospitals. Kellogg was an advocate of theological modernism and held beliefs different from that of traditional Nicene Christianity. He rejected original sin, inherent human depravity, and held non-Christocentric views, viewing Jesus' atonement as "his exemplary life" on Earth rather than on the Cross. Becoming a Seventh-Day Adventist, (SDA) as their beliefs shifted towards Trinitarianism during the 1890s, Adventists were "unable to accommodate the essentially liberal understanding of Christianity" exhibited by Kellogg, viewing his theology as pantheistic and unorthodox. Disagreements with other members of the SDA led to a major schism within the SDA : he was disfellowshipped in 1907, but continued to follow many of their beliefs and directed the sanitarium until his death. Kellogg helped to establish the American Medical Missionary College in 1895. The college operated independently until 1910, when it merged with Illinois State University. As an early proponent of the germ theory of disease, Kellogg was well ahead of his time in relating intestinal flora and the presence of bacteria in the intestines to health and disease. The sanitarium approached treatment in a holistic manner, actively promoting vegetarianism, nutrition, the use of enemas to clear "intestinal flora", exercise, sun-bathing, and hydrotherapy, as well as the abstention from smoking tobacco, drinking alcoholic beverages, and sexual activity. Kellogg dedicated the last 30 years of his life to promoting eugenics. He co-founded the Race Betterment Foundation, co-organized several National Conferences on Race Betterment and attempted to create a 'eugenics registry'. Alongside discouraging 'racial mixing', Kellogg was in favor of sterilizing 'mentally defective persons', promoting a eugenics agenda while working on the Michigan Board of Health and helping to enact authorization to sterilize those deemed 'mentally defective' into state laws during his tenure. Kellogg was a major leader in progressive health reform, particularly in the second phase of the clean living movement. He wrote extensively on science and health. His approach to "biologic living" combined scientific knowledge with Adventist beliefs, promoting health reform, and temperance. Many of the vegetarian foods that Kellogg developed and offered his patients were publicly marketed: Kellogg's brother, Will Keith Kellogg, is best known today for the invention of the breakfast cereal corn flakes. https://store.earthstation1.com/kebrcoflkibi.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The Wing Will Fly: Flying Wing History Documentary DVD, Download, USB
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 1988: #DOTD: Stuart Symington, American lieutenant, businessman, Democratic politician from Missouri and Freemason, 1st United States Secretary Of The Air Force from 1947 to 1950, United States Senator from Missouri from 1953 to 1976, infamous for his blind and vindictive cancelling of the contract for Jack Northrop's landmark and ultimately vidicated YB-49 Flying Wing bomber (the Northrop B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber is its decendant) and for destroying all those Flying Wings already built (b. June 26, 1901) #dies in his home in New Canaan, Connecticut home, aged 87. He is buried in a crypt in Washington National Cathedral. Stuart Symington was born William Stuart Symington III in Amherst, Massachusetts, Symington worked as an executive in his uncle's iron products company and for other companies before becoming president of Emerson Electric. He resigned from Emerson in 1945 to take various positions in the administration of President Harry S. Truman, becoming the first Secretary of the Air Force in 1947. He was elected to the Senate in 1952, defeating incumbent Republican Senator James P. Kem. He joined the Senate Armed Services Committee and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and emerged as a prominent critic of McCarthyism. Symington sought the Democratic nomination in the 1960 presidential election with the backing of former President Truman, but the nomination went to John F. Kennedy. After the Kansas City Athletics moved to Oakland, Symington threatened to revoke Major League Baseball's antitrust exemption, which in turn encouraged the formation of the Kansas City Royals. Symington declined to seek re-election in 1976 and was succeeded by John Danforth. During his tenure as Secretary Of The Air Force, there was a major debate and investigation into production of the Convair B-36 Peacemaker, which was the last piston-powered bomber at the beginning of the Jet Age. During his tenure, Symington had a meeting with John K. Northrop on the contract for the YB-49 Flying Wing bomber, which was well underway with seven examples manufactured. During this meeting, Symington threatened Northrop that if they refused to enter into a corporate merger with Convair (the company building the rival B-36 Peacemaker bomber) that Northrop would be, "Goddamn sorry if you don't!". This threat, later reported by Northrop, was eventually carried though when Symington cancelled the Flying Wing programme and ordered all existing aircraft destroyed. Major accomplishments during Symington's term as Secretary included the Berlin Airlift and championing the United States Air Force Academy. Symington resigned in 1950 to protest lack of funding for the Air Force after the USSR detonated its first nuclear weapon. He remained in the administration as the Chairman of the National Security Resources Board (1950-1951) and the Chairman of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation Administrator (1951-1952). He was featured on the cover of Time magazine's January 19, 1948 issue. Symington was an active member of the Grand Lodge of Missouri Ancient Free and Accepted Masons. Symington retired in 1978 to his home in New Canaan, Connecticut, where he died on December 14, 1988. He is buried in a crypt in Washington National Cathedral. In Jeff Greenfield's alternate history book If Kennedy Lived, Symington is featured as surviving-President John F. Kennedy's running mate in the 1964 presidential election, after Vice President Lyndon Johnson was forced to leave due to Johnson's political advisor Robert Gene Baker's bribery and sexual favor scandal in exchange for Congressional votes and government contracts, the investigation into which was dropped after President Kennedy's assassination and Johnson's ascension to the presidency. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-wing-will-fly-flying-wing-history-documentary-dvd-download-usb.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Led Zeppelin Reunion Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary DVD, MP4, USB
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 2006: #DOTD: #RIP: Ahmet Ertegun, Turkish-American businessman, composer, singer, songwriter, record producer and philanthropist, co-founder and president of Atlantic Records (b. July 31, 1923) #dies at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center (sic) while in a coma following an October 29, 2006 fall onto a concrete floor at a Rolling Stones concert at the Beacon Theatre at West 74th Street) on Broadway in Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York City. He is buried in the Ertegun family plot at Ozbekler Tekkesi (Uzbek Dervish Lodge) cemetery in Uskudar Ilcesi, Istanbul, Turkey. Ahmet Ertegun was born Ahmet Zahrettin Sebuhi Ertegun in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire (now Istanbul, Turkey). Ahmet Ertegun discovered, championed, and is the businessman most responsible for popularizing, the earliest pioneers and many of the leading rhythm and blues, rock and roll and rock musicians. Ertegun also wrote classic blues and pop songs. He served as the chairman of The Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame and museum, located in Cleveland, Ohio. Ertegun has been described as "one of the most significant figures in the modern recording industry." In 2017 he was inducted into Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame in recognition of his work in the music business. Ertegun helped foster ties between the U.S. and Turkey, his birthplace. He served as the chairman of the American Turkish Society for over 20 years until his death. He also co-founded the New York Cosmos soccer team of the original North American Soccer League. In 1946, Ertegun became friends with Herb Abramson, a dental student and A & R man (Artists & Repitoire man, nowadays called a producer) for National Records, and they decided to start a new independent record label for gospel, jazz, and R & B music. Financed by family dentist Dr. Vahdi Sabit, they formed Atlantic Records in September 1947 in New York City. The first recording sessions took place that November. In 1949, after 22 unsuccessful record releases, including the first recordings by Professor Longhair, Atlantic had its first major hit with Stick McGhee's "Drinkin' Wine Spo-Dee-O-Dee". The company expanded through the 1950s, with Jerry Wexler and, later, Ertegun's brother Nesuhi on board as partners. Hit artists that recorded on Atlantic included Ruth Brown, Big Joe Turner, The Clovers, The Drifters, The Coasters LaVern Baker, Etta James, Ray Charles and many more. Like the Erteguns, many independent record executives were from immigrant backgrounds, including the Bihari and the Chess brothers. The Ertegun brothers brought a jazz sensibility (and many jazz artists) into R & B, successfully combining blues and jazz styles from around the country. Atlantic helped challenge the primacy of the major labels of the time by discovering, developing, and nurturing new talent. It became the premier rhythm and blues label in a few years and, with the help of innovative engineer/producer Tom Dowd, set new standards in producing high-quality recordings. Atlantic was among the first labels to record in stereo, and in 1957 was the first record company to utilize an 8-track tape machine. Ertegun himself wrote a number of classic blues songs under the pseudonym "A. Nugetre" ("Ertegun" backwards). He also wrote the Ray Charles hit "Mess Around", with lyrics that drew heavily on "Pinetop's Boogie Woogie". He was briefly listed as "Nuggy" in the credits before changing to "A. Nugetre". Ertegun was part of the shouting choral group on Turner's "Shake, Rattle and Roll", along with Wexler and songwriter Jesse Stone. He also wrote "Ting A Ling", a 1956 hit for The Clovers that was covered by Buddy Holly. "Fool, Fool, Fool", another Clovers song was a hit for Kay Starr. His "Don't Play That Song (You Lied)" was recorded by Aretha Franklin, Ben E. King, and in an international version by Adriano Celentano. The lyrics of "Lovey Dovey" by the Clovers were used to a different tune by Steve Miller in his hit "The Joker". https://store.earthstation1.com/led-zeppelin-reunion-dvd-atlantic-records-40th-anniversary-sh40.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Monsters! Mysteries Or Myths? + Bonus Yeti Doc MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 1987: #DOTD: #RIP: Tim Dinsdale, famous as a seeker of the Loch Ness Monster (b. September 27, 1924) #dies of a heart attack aged 63 at his home in Reading, Berkshire, Southeast England. He was cremated on December 21, and the ashed were given to his widow Wendy Osborne; he was also survived by his four children Simon, Alexandra, Dawn, and Angus. He is commemorated in the Dinsdale Memorial Award, established to recognize "significant contributions to the expansion of human understanding through the study of unexplained phenomena." He was born Timothy Kay Dinsdale in Aberystwyth, Wales, United Kingdom. He attended King's School, Worcester, served in the Royal Air Force and worked as an aeronautical engineer. Determined to prove the existence of the Loch Ness Monster, Dinsdale travelled to Loch Ness on an expedition. On the fifth day, 23 April 1960, he filmed an object he would claim to be the hump of the monster. The grainy film is still believed by some to be proof of the existence of the monster. The Joint Air Reconnaissance Intelligence Centre (JARIC) analyzed it and believed it was an animate object, but later analyses suggest the footage is of a motorboat.[citation needed] Dinsdale dedicated his life to obtaining further evidence, taking part in a total of 56 expeditions, many of them solo. Although he claimed to have later seen the monster's head and neck on two occasions, he failed to obtain any more film footage. He also published several books on the subject. He is the inspiration for the character Dinsdale Piranha in the Monty Python's Flying Circus skit "Ethel The Frog", who believed a giant hedgehog named Spiny Norman was following him while calling aloud "Dinsdale!?". https://store.earthstation1.com/monsters-mysteries-or-myths-dvd-loch-ness-monster-yeti-bigfoot.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Frontiers Of Flight Aviation History TV Series DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 1903: Aviation: The History Of Aviation: Aviation In The Pioneer Era: The Wright Brothers: -- The Wright Brothers make their first attempt to fly with the Wright Flyer at Kill Devil Hills, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The attempt failed, but they would succeed three days later. The Wright Flyer (often retrospectively referred to as Flyer I or 1903 Flyer) was the first successful heavier-than-air powered aircraft. Designed and built by the Wright Brothers, they flew it four times on December 17, 1903, near Kill Devil Hills, about four miles (six kilometers) south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Today, the airplane is exhibited in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington D.C. The U.S. Smithsonian Institution describes the aircraft as "the first powered, heavier-than-air machine to achieve controlled, sustained flight with a pilot aboard." The flight of the Wright Flyer marks the beginning of the "pioneer era" of aviation. Kill Devil Hills is a town in Dare County, North Carolina. The population was 6,683 at the 2010 census, up from 5,897 in 2000. It is the most populous settlement in both Dare County and on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The Kill Devil Hills Micropolitan Statistical Area is part of the larger Virginia Beach-Norfolk, VA-NC Combined Statistical Area. The town is home to the site of the Wright Brothers' first controlled, powered airplane flights on December 17, 1903, chosen for its good winds. The town was commemorated by the Wright Brothers National Memorial, which was dedicated in 1932. At the time of the Wright Flyer flights the town of Kill Devil Hills did not exist, and it did not receive its municipal charter until 1953. Kitty Hawk, popularly noted as the site of the famous flights, is approximately four miles (6 km) to the north, and was the nearest settlement at the time of the famous flight. https://store.earthstation1.com/frontiers-of-flight-aviation-history-tv-series-dvd-mp4-download-us4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: War Props: The Ilyushin IL-2 Sturmovik DVD, MP4, USB Flash Drive
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 1944: #DOTD: #RIP: Nelson Stepanyan, Il-2 pilot and regimental commander in the Soviet Air Force who was twice awarded with the title of the Hero Of The Soviet Union (b. March 28, 1913) #dies when his squadron was attacked by German fighters during a sortie against German naval targets in the ice-free Baltic Sea port of the state city of Liepaja in western Latvia. His plane was hit by anti-aircraft fire, and though wounded, he dove his plane into a fleet of German ships. He died along with navigator of the 47th Regiment, Captain Aleksandr Rumiantsev. Stepanyan's loss devastated the rest of the men in the squadron. His fellow pilots sent the following letter to his parents after his death: "[Stepanyan was a] simple and modest man, close and beloved by all; he was a father and teacher to all of us, a friend and a commander.... We all wept when Nelson Gevorgovich failed to return on that fateful day. They say that tears bring comfort. But the few tears of a soldier, like the red-hot drops of metal, burn the heart and call for vengeance." He was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union title a second time posthumously for his sacrifice. Soviet sources assert that Stepanyan undertook in the course of his life no less than 239 combat sorties, sunk 53 ships of which thirteen he did alone, destroyed 80 tanks, 600 armored vehicles, and 27 aircraft. He was born Nelson Georgievich Stepanyan into an Armenian family in Shusha (Shushi), Elisabethpol Governorate (modern Azerbaijan), where his father Gevorg ran the Shusha office of the Singer sewing company. Soon after Nelson was born, the Stepanyan family moved back to Yerevan. There Nelson attended the Transcaucasian Preparatory Military School, graduating from in 1930. He continued his studies at the Bataysk Military Aviation School, where he graduated in 1935 and became a flight instructor at the school from then until 1938. Stepanyan was teaching at another military flight academy when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. He volunteered for combat and participated in a number of battles as a pilot of an Ilyushin Il-2 fighter bomber. Stepanyan took part in defensive battles at Poltava, Zaporozhye, Odessa, Kakhovka, and Mykolaiv. During his 20th departure Stepanyan was wounded by shrapnel flak. He defended the skies over Leningrad while he as a pilot in the 2nd Aviation Squadron, part of the 57th Regiment in the Baltic Fleet's 8th Aviation Brigade. As of November 1942, Stepanyan was reported to have destroyed 78 German trucks, 67 tanks, 63 anti-aircraft guns, nineteen mortars, 36 railroad cars, twenty merchantmen and warships (including a destroyer), thirteen fuel tankers, twelve armored cars, seven long-range guns, five ammunition dumps, and five bridges. On October 23, 1942, the Supreme Soviet Of The Soviet Union conferred upon Stepanyan the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for the first time. https://store.earthstation1.com/war-props-the-ilyushin-il2-sturmovik-dvd-mp4-usb-flash-dri24.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The Wall Street Crash Of 1929 Documentary Set MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 1955: #DOTD: Charles E. Mitchell, American banker whose incautious securities policies facilitated the speculation which led to the Crash of 1929 (b. October 6, 1877) #dies in New York City, aged 78. Details of his death such as the location of New York City he died in, the cause of death, his funeral and his burial place have been somehow scrubbed from the internet. Charles E. Mitchell was born Charles Edwin Mitchellin Chelsea, Massachusetts to a Jewish family, where his father, George Edwin Mitchell, worked for a produce dealer and served as mayor from 1887 until 1888. First National City Bank's (now Citibank) abuses under his leadership brought an end to ownership of investment affiliates by commercial banks. Mitchell graduated from Amherst College in 1899, after which he got a job with the Western Electric Company in Chicago. In 1903, he became assistant to its president. After three years, he left the firm and moved to New York City, where he became assistant to the president of The Trust Company of America. Between 1911 and 1916, he ran his own investment house, C. E. Mitchell & Company. In 1916, he became vice-president of National City Company, which he reorganized into a private investment banking firm. Shortly after, he relocated to Tuxedo Park, New York. Nicknamed "Sunshine Charley", Mitchell was elected president of National City Bank (now Citibank) in 1921 and, in 1929, was appointed chairman. Also in 1921, he was elected president of National City Company, which became the largest security-issuing entity in the world. Under his leadership, the bank expanded rapidly and, by 1930, had 100 branches in 23 countries outside the United States. His salesmen sold millions of shares in the bank totaling $650 million, much of which would be lost in the Crash of 1929. Indeed, while the Federal Reserve Bank was attempting to curb speculation earlier in 1929, Mitchell flaunted a $25 million advance to traders. Mitchell remained chairman until 1933, when he was arrested and indicted for tax evasion by then Assistant U.S. Attorney Thomas E. Dewey. Charges were brought following testimony by Mitchell in which he openly stated that he had sold his stake in National City Bank to avoid paying taxes. Defended by attorney Max Steuer, he was found not guilty of all criminal charges, but the government won a million-dollar civil settlement against him. In 1933, the U.S. Senate's Pecora Commission investigated Mitchell as its first witness for his part in tens of millions of dollars in losses, excessive pay, and tax avoidance. In November 1929, U.S. Senator Carter Glass said, "Mitchell more than any 50 men is responsible for this stock crash." His townhouse on Fifth Avenue, built for him by Walker & Gillette in 1926, with a rusticated facade in the manner of a 16th-century Roman palazzo, now houses the French consulate. https://store.earthstation1.com/wastcrof19do.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Red Ball Express 1952 Jeff Chandler Sidney Poitier DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 1918: #BOTD: #HBD! Jeff Chandler, American actor of stage, film and televisoin, film producer, and singer, best remembered for playing Cochise in Broken Arrow (1950), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, one of Universal Pictures' more popular male stars of the 1950s (d. June 17, 1961) is #born Ira Grossel to a Jewish family in Brooklyn. He attended Erasmus Hall High School, the alma mater of many stage and film personalities, where he acted in school plays; his schoolmates included Susan Hayward. Among his many credits include Sword in the Desert (1948), Deported (1950), Female on the Beach (1955), and Away All Boats (1956). In addition to his acting in film, he is known for his role as Phillip Boynton in the radio program Our Miss Brooks starring Eve Arden as her fellow teacher and the clueless object of her affection, and for his musical recordings. Jeff Chandler died of a blood infection complicated by pneumonia in Culver City, California, aged 42. While working on Merrill's Marauders in the Philippines, Chandler injured his back on on April 15, 1961 playing baseball with U.S. Army Special Forces soldiers who served as extras in the film. He had injections to deaden the pain and enable him to finish the production. On May 13, 1961, he entered a hospital in Culver City, California, and had surgery for a spinal disc herniation. Severe complications arose; an artery was damaged, and Chandler hemorrhaged. On May 17, in a seven-and-a-half-hour emergency operation following the original surgery, he was given 55 pints of blood. A third operation followed on May 27, in which he received an additional 20 pints of blood. Tony Curtis and Gerald Mohr were among the pallbearers at Chandler's funeral, attended by more than 1,500 people. He is buried at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City. An investigation ensued into Chandler's death. It was deemed malpractice, and resulted in his children suing the hospital for 1.5M USD. Chandler's own estate was worth 600K USD, which he left to his daughters. His ex-wife sued his estate for 80K USD for money owed under their divorce settlement. For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Chandler has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 1770 Vine Street. https://store.earthstation1.com/red-ball-express-dvd-1952-jeff-chandler-sidney-poi1952.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Clive James' Fame In The 20th Century TV Series DVD Set MP4 USB Drive
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 2013: #DOTD: #RIP: Peter O'Toole, British English Irish stage and film actor and producer (b. August 2, 1932) #dies of stomach cancer at Wellington Hospital in St John's Wood, London, at the age of 81. His funeral was held at Golders Green Crematorium in London on December 21, 2013, where his body was cremated in a wicker coffin. His family stated their intention to fulfil his wishes and take his ashes to the west of Ireland; his ashes were brought back to Ireland, where they are held in safe keeping by President Michael D Higgins in his official residence, Aras an Uachtarain, until he can be laid to rest according to O'Toole's wishes. His Cenotaph in t. Paul's Churchyard in Covent Garden, Greater London, England. Peter O'Toole was born Peter Seamus O'Toole at St James's University Hospital (sic) in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and began working in the theatre, gaining recognition as a Shakespearean actor at the Bristol Old Vic and with the English Stage Company. In 1959 he made his West End debut in The Long and the Short and the Tall, and played the title role in Hamlet in the National Theatre's first production in 1963. Excelling on the London stage, O'Toole was known for his "hellraiser" lifestyle off it. Making his film debut in 1959, O'Toole achieved international recognition playing T. E. Lawrence in Lawrence of Arabia (1962) for which he received his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. He was nominated for this award another seven times - for playing King Henry II in both Becket (1964) and The Lion in Winter (1968), Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969), The Ruling Class (1972), The Stunt Man (1980), My Favorite Year (1982), and Venus (2006) - and holds the record for the most Oscar nominations for acting without a win (tied with Glenn Close). In 2002, he was awarded the Academy Honorary Award for his career achievements. O'Toole was the recipient of four Golden Globe Awards, one BAFTA Award for Best British Actor and one Primetime Emmy Award. Other performances include What's New Pussycat? (1965), How to Steal a Million (1966), Supergirl (1984), and minor roles in The Last Emperor (1987) and Troy (2004). He also voiced Anton Ego, the restaurant critic in Pixar's Ratatouille (2007). https://store.earthstation1.com/clive-james39-fame-in-the-20th-century-tv-series-dvd-set-mp4-usb-39204.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Hollywood Without Make-Up: Film Star Home Movies DVD MP4 Download USB
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 1944: #DOTD: #RIP: Lupe Velez, Mexican-American actress, dancer, singer, nymphomaniac and beauty during the "Golden Age" of Hollywood films (b. July 18, 1908) #dies of an intentional overdose of barbiturates, having consumed 75 Seconal pills and a glass of brandy. She is buried at The Panteon Civil De Dolores in Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico. On the evening of December 13, 1944, Velez dined with her two friends, the silent film star Estelle Taylor and Venita Oakie. In the early morning hours of December 14, Velez retired to her bedroom. Her secretary, Beulah Kinder, found the actress's body on her bed later that morning. A suicide note addressed to Harald Ramond, stage name for Austrian actor Harald Maresch, was found nearby. It read: "To Harald, May God forgive you and forgive me too, but I prefer to take my life away and our baby's before I bring him with shame or killing him. - Lupe." On the back of the note, Velez wrote: "How could you, Harald, fake such a great love for me and our baby when all the time, you didn't want us? I see no other way out for me, so goodbye, and good luck to you, Love Lupe." The day after Velez's death, Harald Ramond told the press that he was "so confused" by Velez's suicide, and claimed that even though the two had broken up, he had agreed to marry Velez. He admitted that he once asked Velez to sign an agreement stating that he was only marrying her to "give the baby a name", but claimed he only did so because he and Velez had had a fight, and he was in a "terrible temper". Actress Estelle Taylor, who was with Velez from 9:00 the previous night until 3:30 the morning Velez died, told the press that Velez had told her of her pregnancy, but said she would rather kill herself than have an abortion (Velez was a devout Roman Catholic). Beulah Kinder, Velez's secretary, later told investigators that after Velez broke off the relationship with Ramond, she planned to go to Mexico to have her baby. Kinder said Velez soon changed her mind after concluding that Ramond "faked" the relationship and considered having an abortion. The day after Velez's death, the Los Angeles County coroner requested that an inquest be opened to investigate the circumstances surrounding her death. On December 16, the coroner dropped the request, after determining that Velez had written the notes, and that she had intended to kill herself. On December 22, a funeral for Velez was held at the mortuary at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Los Angeles. Among the pallbearers were Velez's ex-husband, Johnny Weissmuller, and actor Gilbert Roland. After the service, Velez's body was sent by train to Mexico City, where a second service was held on December 27. Her body was then interred at Panteon Civil De Dolores Cemetery. Despite the coroner's ruling that Velez committed suicide to avoid the shame of bearing an illegitimate child, some authors have theorized that this was not entirely true. In the book From Bananas To Buttocks: The Latina Body In Popular Film And Culture, Rosa-Linda Fregoso wrote that Velez was known for her defiance of contemporary moral convention, and that it seems unlikely that she could not have reconciled having a child out of wedlock. Fregoso believes that in the final year of her life, Velez exhibited signs of extreme mania and depression. Fregoso goes on to speculate that Velez's death may have been the result of an untreated mental illness such as bipolar disorder. Robert Slatzer (who later claimed to have been secretly married to Marilyn Monroe) claimed that a few weeks before Velez's death, he interviewed her at her home and she confided in him that she was pregnant with Gary Cooper's child (by that time, Cooper was married to socialite Veronica "Rocky" Balfe). According to Slatzer, Velez said that Cooper refused to acknowledge the child, believing that Harald Ramond was the father. After Velez died, Slatzer said he asked Cooper about the situation and Cooper confirmed that it was possible he might have been the father. Slatzer further claimed that he also interviewed Clara Bow (who had also dated Cooper in the 1920s), who revealed that shortly before Velez's death, Cooper called her and screamed that he was going to kill Harald Ramond for impregnating Velez. Slazter claimed that Bow told him that she never believed Velez's baby was fathered by Ramond, and that she was convinced that Velez had attempted to get Ramond to marry her to protect Cooper's reputation. Biographer Michelle Vogel speculated that if Cooper was the father, his rejection of Velez and their child coupled with the idea of having to raise a child alone may have sent Velez "over the edge". In the 2002 book Tarzan, My Father Johnny Weissmuller Jr recounted the events surrounding Velez's death as a mystery caused by an attempt to "put a lid" on what happened. It states her housekeeper discovered her body and called Bo Roos, Velez's business manager, who called his friend and Beverly Hills Police Chief Anderson to the scene. The book states after Velez arranged to meet Ramond, decorated her room and dressed in a negligee, her ingestion of seconal was either to calm her nerves to meet him or a failed dramatic gesture to scare him. The book also suggested the baby was fathered possibly by Cooper not Ramond. Velez's death was recounted in the 1959 book Hollywood Babylon by Kenneth Anger and has become urban legend. In his telling, Velez planned to stage a beautiful suicide scene atop her satin bed, but the Seconal did not mix well with the "Mexi-Spice Last Supper" she had eaten earlier that evening. As a result, she became violently ill, stumbled to the bathroom to vomit, slipped on the bathroom floor tile and fell head first into the toilet, where she subsequently drowned. Anger claimed that Velez's "chambermaid" Juanita found her the next morning. Despite the fact that his version of events contradicts published reports and the official ruling, his story is often repeated as fact or for comedic effect - it was recounted in the pilot episode of the television comedy series Frasier, and also referenced in an episode of the cartoon The Simpsons. Velez's biographer, Michelle Vogel, points out that it would have been "virtually impossible" for Velez to have "stumbled to the bathroom" or even get off her bed after having consumed such a large amount of seconal. Seconal, a barbiturate, is noted for being fast acting even in small doses and Velez's death was likely instantaneous. Her death certificate lists "Seconal poisoning" due to "ingestion of seconal" as the cause of death, not drowning. Further, there was also no evidence to suggest Velez had vomited. Lupe Velez was born Maria Guadalupe Villalobos Velez. Velez began her career as a performer in Mexican vaudeville in the early 1920s. After moving to the United States, she made her first film appearance in a short in 1927. By the end of the decade, she was acting in full-length silent films and had progressed to leading roles in The Gaucho (1927), Lady of the Pavements (1928) and Wolf Song (1929), among others. Velez then made the transition to sound films without difficulty. She was one of the first successful Latin-American actresses in Hollywood. During the 1930s, her well-known explosive screen persona was exploited in a series of successful films like Hot Pepper (1933), Strictly Dynamite (1934) and Hollywood Party (1934). In the 1940s, Velez's popularity peaked after appearing in the Mexican Spitfire films, a series created to capitalize on Velez's well-documented fiery personality. Also nicknamed the Mexican Spitfire by the media, Velez's personal life was as colorful as her screen persona. She had several highly publicized romances with Hollywood actors and a stormy marriage with Johnny Weissmuller. In December 1944, Velez died of an intentional overdose of the barbiturate drug Seconal. Her death and the circumstances surrounding it have been the subject of speculation and controversy. https://store.earthstation1.com/hollywood-without-makeup-dvd-film-star-home-movies.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The Patty Duke Show TV Pilot DVD, MP4 Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 1946: #BOTD: #HBD! Patty Duke, American actress and beauty (d. March 29, 2016) is #born Anna Marie Duke at Bellevue Hospital in Manhattan. Patty Duke appeared on stage, film, and television. She first became known as a teen star, winning an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress at age 16 for her role as Helen Keller in The Miracle Worker (1962), a role which she had originated on Broadway. The following year she was given her own show, The Patty Duke Show, in which she portrayed "identical cousins". She later progressed to more mature roles such as that of Neely O'Hara in the film Valley of the Dolls (1967). Over the course of her career, she received ten Emmy Award nominations and three Emmy Awards, and two Golden Globe Awards. Duke also served as president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1985 to 1988. Duke was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 1982, after which she devoted much of her time to advocating for and educating the public on mental health issues. Patty Duke died in the morning in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho of sepsis from a ruptured intestine at the age of 69. Her son Sean Astin invited the public to contribute to a mental health foundation in his mother's name, The Patty Duke Mental Health Initiative. Her remains were cremated, and her ashes are interred at Forest Cemetery in Coeur d'Alene. https://store.earthstation1.com/the-patty-duke-show-tv-pilot-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Ike: The War Years Complete 2 Part TV Miniseries DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 1935: #BOTD: #HBD! Lee Remick, American actress and beauty (d. July 2, 1991) is #born Lee Ann Remick in Quincy, Massachusetts. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for the film Days of Wine and Roses (1962), and for the 1966 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her Broadway theatre performance in Wait Until Dark. Remick made her film debut in A Face in the Crowd (1957). Her other notable film roles include Anatomy of a Murder (1959), Wild River (1960), No Way to Treat a Lady (1968), The Detective (1968), The Omen (1976), and The Europeans (1979). She won Golden Globe Awards for the TV film The Blue Knight (1973), and for playing the title role in the miniseries Jennie: Lady Randolph Churchill (1974). For the latter role, she also won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress. In April 1991, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Remick was the subject of "Lee Remick", the 1978 debut single by the Australian indie rock band The Go-Betweens. The British indie rock band Hefner recorded a song titled "Lee Remick" in 1998, unrelated to the Go-Betweens' single. Lee Remick died of kidney cancer at the age of 55 in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California. Her remains were cremated, and the ashes given to her widower Kip Gowans. https://store.earthstation1.com/ike-the-war-years-complete-tv-miniseries-dual-layer-dvd.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Myrna Loy: Biography With Kathleen Turner DVD Or MP4 Video Download
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 1993: #DOTD: #RIP: Myrna Loy, American film, television and stage actress, dancer and beauty (b. August 2, 1905) #dies at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan during surgery following a long, unspecified illness, aged 88. Here remains were cremated in New York and her ashes interred at Forestvale Cemetery in her native Helena, Montana. Myrna Loy was born Myrna Adele Williams in Helena, Montana. Trained as a dancer, Loy devoted herself fully to an acting career following a few minor roles in silent films. She was originally typecast in exotic roles, often as a vamp or a woman of Asian descent, but her career prospects improved greatly following her portrayal of Nora Charles in The Thin Man (1934). Loy was raised in rural Radersburg during her early childhood, before relocating to Los Angeles with her mother in her early adolescence. There, she began studying dance, and trained extensively throughout her high school education. She was discovered by production designer Natacha Rambova, who helped facilitate film auditions for her, and she began obtaining small roles in the late 1920s, mainly portraying vamps. Her role in The Thin Man helped elevate her reputation as a versatile actress, and she reprised the role of Nora Charles five more times. Loy's performances peaked in the 1940s, with films like The Thin Man Goes Home, The Best Years of Our Lives, The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer, and Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House. She appeared in only a few films in the 1950s, including a lead role in the comedy Cheaper by the Dozen (1950), as well as supporting parts in The Ambassador's Daughter (1956) and the drama Lonelyhearts (1958). She appeared in only eight films between 1960 and 1981, after which she retired from acting. Although Loy was never nominated for an Academy Award, in March 1991 she received an Honorary Academy Award in recognition of her life's work both onscreen and off, including serving as assistant to the director of military and naval welfare for the Red Cross during World War II, and a member-at-large of the U.S. Commission to UNESCO. https://store.earthstation1.com/myrna-loy-biography-with-kathleen-turner-dvd-or-mp4-video-downloa4.html

Today's EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: DJ Madness! 1950s-60s-70s Radio Shows DVD, MP3 Download, USB Drive
Today, December 14, 2025
December 14, 1963: #DOTD: #RIP: Dinah Washington, African American singer and pianist, nicknamed "The Queen Of The Blues", the most popular black female recording artist of the 1950s (b. August 29, 1924) #dies early in the morning when her sixth husband, football great Dick "Night Train" Lane, who went to sleep with Washington, awoke to find her slumped over and not responsive. Dr. B. C. Ross pronounced her dead at the scene at age 39. An autopsy later showed a lethal combination of secobarbital and amobarbital, prescriptions for her insomnia and diet, which contributed to her death. She is buried in the Burr Oak Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois. Dinah Washington was born Ruth Lee Jones in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Primarily a jazz vocalist, she performed and recorded in a wide variety of styles including blues, R & B, early rock and roll, jazz, gospel and traditional pop music. She was a 1986 inductee of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame, and was inducted into The Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame in 1993. https://store.earthstation1.com/dj-radio-airchecks-mp3-dvd-1950s60s70s-dis319506070.html